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EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES BY AGENCY:
FARM AND FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES:
Farm Service Agency
Risk Management Agency
Foreign Agricultural Service
Rural Development
Rural Utilities Service
Rural Housing Service
Rural Business-Cooperative Service
Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization Corporation
FOOD, NUTRITION, AND CONSUMER SERVICES:
Food and Nutrition Service
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT:
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Forest Service
Food Safety and Inspection Service
RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND ECONOMICS:
Agricultural Research Service
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
Economic Research Service
National Agricultural Statistics Service
MARKETING AND REGULATORY PROGRAMS:
Agricultural Marketing Service
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration
APPENDIX:
Secretary's Civil Rights Initiative
Integrated Pest Management and Related Programs
Budget Authority by Agency, 1997-1999
Discretionary Budget Authority by Agency, 1998-1999
Discretionary Budget Outlays by Agency, 1998-1999
Staff Years by Agency, 1997-1999
1999 Other Proposed Legislation
The Summary is organized into five sections: Funding Overview, Program Highlights, Presidential Initiatives, Agency Programs, and Appendix Tables.
Basic budget terminology:
USDA outlays have declined from $63.1 billion in 1993 to an estimated $54.3 billion in 1999 -- a 14 percent reduction. These savings have been possible due to the strengthening economy, program reforms enacted by the Congress, and USDA's aggressive streamlining effort, which reduced the size of its workforce by almost 20,000 staff years through 1997 and will result in a further cut of about 2,000 by 1999. For 1999, USDA expects outlays to decrease to $54.3 billion from $55 billion in 1998, due to favorable economic conditions, higher levels of prior year loan repayments, savings through further reductions in employment, implementation of welfare reform legislation, selected program reductions and the shift of certain programs from Federal funding to user fees. Total USDA program level is projected to increase to $86.5 billion in 1999 from an estimated $83.3 billion in 1998.
USDA's 1999 discretionary program outlays, about $15.4 billion, or almost thirty percent of total USDA outlays, include the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC); rural development; research and technical assistance; soil and water conservation; management of the National Forests and Grasslands; State and Private Forestry programs; and domestic and international marketing assistance.
Mandatory programs account for the remaining seventy percent of USDA outlays, about $39 billion in 1999. These programs provide services as required by law and include the majority of the food assistance programs, commodity programs, and a number of conservation programs.
The budget will strengthen the safety net for farmers and low income
populations, provide economic opportunities for rural Americans, protect
our natural resources and further improve the safety of the food supply.
Funding is included within a number of agencies to support programs proposed
as segments of multi-agency Presidential initiatives. More detailed information
is provided under the relevant sections of this document.
Program Level Outlays Agency/Program 1998 Change 1998 Change Current 1999 1998 to Current 1999 1998 to Estimate Budget 1999 Estimate Budget 1999 FARM AND FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES Farm Service Agency: Farm Loan and Grant Programs $2,979 $2,995 $16 $338 $345 $7 Conservation Reserve Program 1,836 1,718 -118 1,861 1,718 -143 Other Conservation Programs 0 0 0 150 16 -134 Commodity Programs 13,315 14,113 798 6,249 5,941 -308 Commodity Credit Corporation Programs (21,027) (21,482) (455) (8,566) (8,420) (-146) Salaries and Expenses 963 976 13 601 719 118 Total, Farm Service Agency 19,093 19,802 709 9,199 8,739 -460 Risk Management Agency: Administrative and Operating Expenses 64 66 2 57 65 8 Crop Insurance Fund 2,597 2,591 -6 1,340 1,756 416 Total, Risk Management Agency 2,661 2,657 -4 1,397 1,821 424 Foreign Agricultural Service: Export Credit Guarantees 5,000 4,615 -385 383 308 -75 Market Access Program 90 90 0 91 90 -1 Export Enhancement Program 150 320 170 150 320 170 Dairy Export Incentive Program 99 82 -17 111 92 -19 P.L. 480 1,112 979 -133 1,139 1,006 -133 Food for Progress Program 104 109 5 101 106 5 Salaries and Expenses 194 190 -4 152 153 1 Total, Foreign Agricultural Service 6,749 6,385 -364 2,127 2,075 -52 Total, Farm and Foreign Agricultural Svcs. 28,503 28,844 341 12,723 12,635 -88 RURAL DEVELOPMENT Rural Utilities Service: Loans and Grants 3,034 3,157 123 715 695 -20 Salaries and Expenses 66 68 2 66 68 2 Total, Rural Utilities Service 3,100 3,225 125 781 763 -18 Rural Housing Service: Rural Housing Loan and Grant Programs 4,835 5,104 269 833 809 -24 Rural Community Loan and Grant Programs 368 418 50 23 23 0 Salaries and Expenses 414 429 15 418 465 47 Total, Rural Housing Service 5,617 5,951 334 1,274 1,297 23 Rural Business-Cooperative Service: Loans and Grants 1,163 1,157 -6 87 67 -20 Salaries and Expenses 29 30 1 36 36 0 Total, Rural Business-Cooperative Svc. 1,192 1,187 -5 123 103 -20 Alternative Agricultural Research Commercialization Corporation 7 10 3 8 7 -1 Rural Community Advancement Program (2,733) (2,850) (117) (653) (650) (-3) Total, Rural Development 9,916 10,373 457 2,186 2,170 -16 FUND FOR RURAL AMERICA (34) 100 100 17 66 49 FOOD, NUTRITION, AND CONSUMER SERVICES Food and Nutrition Service: Food Stamp Program 22,381 24,192 1,811 22,316 23,933 1,617 Child Nutrition Programs 9,197 9,636 439 9,196 9,473 277 Women, Infants and Children (WIC) 4,012 4,161 4,149 3,937 4,051 114 Commodity Assistance Program 395 417 22 402 415 13 Salaries and Expenses 108 112 4 107 112 5 Total, Food and Nutrition Service 36,093 38,518 2,425 35,958 37,984 2,026 Section 32 Funds 330 300 -30 63 0 -63 Total, Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Svcs. 36,423 38,818 2,395 36,021 37,984 1,963 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Natural Resources Conservation Service: Conservation Operations 694 752 58 725 729 4 Watershed & Flood Prevention Operations 51 49 -2 264 68 -196 Other Conservation Cost-Share Programs 40 34 -6 110 91 -19 Programs financed by CCC: Environmental Quality Incentives Program 200 300 100 157 167 10 Wetlands Reserve Program 219 124 -95 122 167 45 Other 63 45 -18 18 25 7 Total, Natural Resources Conservation Service 1,267 1,304 37 1,396 1,247 -149 Forest Service 3,462 3,298 -164 3,526 3,378 -148 Total, Natural Resources and Environment 4,729 4,602 -127 4,922 4,625 -297 FOOD SAFETY Food Safety and Inspection Service 675 709 34 594 156 -438 RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND ECONOMICS Agricultural Research Service 760 792 32 757 785 28 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service 896 853 -43 837 844 7 Economic Research Service 72 56 -16 72 59 -13 National Agricultural Statistics Service 118 107 -11 115 108 -7 Subtotal, Research, Education, and Economics 1,846 1,808 -38 1,781 1,796 15 Construction: Agricultural Research Service 79 36 -43 65 70 5 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service 0 0 0 55 40 -15 Total, Research, Education, & Economics 1,925 1,844 -81 1,901 1,906 5 MARKETING AND REGULATORY PROGRAMS Agricultural Marketing Service 238 249 11 172 187 15 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 516 483 -33 430 477 47 Grain Inspection, Packers & Stockyards Admin. 67 72 5 24 14 -10 Total, Marketing and Regulatory Programs 821 804 -17 626 678 52 OTHER ACTIVITIES Departmental Offices 320 390 70 348 392 44 Pre-credit Reform Loan Repayments 0 0 0 -3,472 -5,452 -1,980 Receipts 0 0 0 -843 -868 -25 USDA, TOTAL $83,312 $86,484 $3,172 $55,015 $54,291 -$724
Government Performance and Results Act
On September 30, 1997, the Department delivered to Congress its Strategic Plan for the next five years, as required by the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). The Department's Strategic Plan is premised on the achievement of three strategic goals, and one overall management initiative of the Department. These are as follows:
Goal 1: Expand economic and trade opportunities for agricultural producers and other rural residents.
Goal 2: Ensure food for the hungry, and a safe, affordable, nutritious, and accessible food supply.
Goal 3: Promote sensible management of our natural resources.
Management Initiative: Provide effective customer service and efficient program delivery.
Following are highlights of the Department's budget proposals that will begin to fulfill the achievement of these goals.
GOAL 1: EXPAND ECONOMIC AND TRADE OPPORTUNITIES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS AND OTHER RURAL RESIDENTS.
FARM AND FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES
The Department's commodity and income support, farm credit, risk management and related programs provide a safety net to help ensure the long-term economic vitality of American farmers and ranchers. International trade and export programs promote economic opportunity by developing and protecting expanded export markets. Income support payments help ensure the economic vitality of producers, but they are no longer adjusted to compensate for changes in market prices. The economic viability of a farm sector which is heavily dependent on unstable international markets and unpredictable weather is influenced significantly by the Department's risk management and export programs. The Department also provides farm credit assistance as a lender of last resort, paying particular attention to small, limited resource and minority farmers.
Risk Management. The 1999 budget for the Risk Management Agency provides for full funding of the crop insurance program including the expansion of crop revenue coverage which offers protection from lower prices and production losses and is now available on almost 90 percent of the corn, wheat, cotton, soybeans, and grain sorghum grown in the United States. RMA anticipates that approximately 63 percent of insurable farmland will be covered by crop insurance in 1999 with over 1.3 million policies in force. In accordance with current law, indemnity payments are expected to exceed the premium level by a ratio of 1.075. USDA will propose legislation to shift sales commissions from discretionary to mandatory spending to assure the availability of funding for program operations. This shift requires PAYGO offsets which will be achieved through programmatic changes within the crop insurance program and other USDA programs. (See page 30.)
Farm Loans. To improve the opportunities for borrowers to obtain credit, the 1999 budget provides funding for direct farm ownership and direct operating loans at the levels recommended by the Department's Civil Rights Action Team (CRAT) and the National Commission on Small Farms. Funding for direct farm ownership loans is almost double the 1998 levels and will support loans to over 1,000 farmers in 1999. At least 18 percent of these funds will be targeted to socially disadvantaged farmers. Funding for direct operating loans reflects a modest increase over 1998 and is expected to support loans to 11,580 farmers. At least 12 percent of these funds will be targeted to socially disadvantaged farmers. The 1999 budget also includes proposed legislation to modify the 1996 Farm Bill prohibition on loans to borrowers who received debt forgiveness, giving them a second chance to obtain affordable credit after restoring their credit-worthiness. (See page 21.)
International Programs. The budget provides a total program level of nearly $6.4 billion for the Department's international programs and activities in 1999. This includes a program level of $4.6 billion for the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) export credit guarantee programs. The 1999 budget adopts a new approach for presenting the program levels and budget estimates for the guarantee programs; these estimates will now reflect the actual level of sales expected to be registered under the programs for which CCC guarantees will be issued rather than the authorized level. This change will result in more realistic estimates of the costs of the guarantee programs, and the accuracy of the CCC budget estimates will improve. (See page 32.)
For the Export Enhancement Program (EEP), the budget provides a program level of up to $320 million in 1999. USDA will propose legislation to authorize a flexible, multi-year program level authorization for EEP, which will provide total funding of just under $1.2 billion for the 1999 to 2003 period. The proposal will provide discretion to the Department to determine the annual level of funding for EEP, subject to the $320 million limitation in 1999, and funding not used one year will remain available for use in subsequent years. However, annual program levels will continue to be subject to the export subsidy reduction commitments established in conjunction with the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. (See page 34.)
The budget continues funding for the Market Access Program unchanged from the current level of $90 million. The budget provides a total program level of $979 million for P.L. 480 foreign food assistance programs, which is expected to provide approximately 2.8 million metric tons of commodity assistance in 1999. (See page 37.)
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Spending. Legislative changes over the last decade in commodity, disaster, and conservation programs have dramatically modified the level, mix, and variability of CCC outlays. Total CCC outlays have declined from almost $26 billion in 1986 to $8.6 billion in 1998, and are projected to decline to $8.4 billion in 1999 and to $7 billion in 2003. The Department will propose legislation to limit cotton user marketing certificates to no more than $140 million in 1999 for savings of about $110 million in 1999. Commodity program spending will continue to decline as annual fixed production flexibility contract payments are reduced. Spending for ad hoc disaster programs has been virtually eliminated, and CCC spending for conservation programs has increased from negligible amounts prior to the 1996 Farm Bill to over $2 billion in 1999. Commodity program outlays in 1999 account for about two- thirds of total CCC outlays, and production flexibility contract payments account for nearly all of the commodity program outlays. Conservation program outlays for the CRP, WRP, EQIP, and several additional cost-share programs administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service account for most of the remaining CCC expenditures. (See page 27.)
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The Rural Development (RD) mission area improves the quality of life for rural Americans and helps rural businesses and cooperatives compete in the global marketplace. The Administration remains strongly committed to providing economic opportunities to support sound development of rural communities. RD provides financial and technical assistance to help individuals, local communities and rural businesses, concentrating on those with the greatest need. These opportunities include decent, safe, affordable housing, establishment of rural businesses and community facilities, development of modern and affordable water and waste services, and installation of electric and telecommunications services.
The budget provides about $10.4 billion for direct loans, loan guarantees, grants and technical assistance -- over $450 million more than the 1998 level. (See page 40.)
The 1999 budget will support a number of Administration initiatives, including Water 2000 which is targeted to the estimated 2.5 million rural Americans who have some of the Nation's most serious drinking water problems and the National Homeownership Initiative, which has helped the Nation reach its highest-ever homeownership rate of 66 percent. The 1999 budget also will support Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities (EZ/EC), and the Information Superhighway Initiative.
The Department proposes to target assistance to rural Americans and communities most in need, based on income, persistent poverty, and other factors. The budget also provides a substantial amount of assistance, particularly in terms of loan guarantees, for those who can afford to obtain financing from the private sector but may not find it readily available to them.
The major provisions of the Rural Development budget include:
MARKETING AND REGULATORY PROGRAMS
The mission of the Marketing and Regulatory agencies is to facilitate the domestic and international marketing of U.S. agricultural products and to ensure the health and care of animals and plants while improving market competitiveness and the economy for the overall benefit of both consumers and American agriculture.
Pest and Disease Programs. The 1999 budget proposes a program level of $471 million for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Salaries and Expenses account, a decrease of $10 million below the 1998 estimate. This includes $175 million for Agricultural Quarantine Inspection (AQI) activities, with increases in both AQI-appropriated funds and in AQI activities funded through user fees. APHIS will contribute substantially to the Department's goal of doubling agricultural exports by placing more emphasis on developing information and analysis for international agreements and sanitary and phytosanitary issues. The agency will strengthen the Nation's pest detection and control activities and enhance its animal health monitoring and surveillance activities. (See page 92.)
Packer Concentration. The budget proposes $2 million to continue implementation of recommendations made by the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Agricultural Concentration. These recommendations include measures such as increased monitoring and enforcement of antitrust and regulatory policy intended to promote competition, improve market performance, and restore confidence in the red meat and poultry markets. Funding for electronic data submission is proposed to assist businesses to expeditiously supply financial information to the agency. The 1999 budget also re-proposes legislation to authorize the collection of license fees to administer the Packers and Stockyards Act.
RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND ECONOMICS
Total funding for the Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area is about $1.8 billion for 1999. The activities under the mission area continue to support high priority goals of the Administration to promote food safety and nutrition, to facilitate the adoption of environmentally responsible production practices, to enhance the economic opportunities of U.S. farmers and ranchers, and to protect the competitiveness of U.S. agricultural and forestry products in the global economy. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) research budget is $32 million above the 1998 appropriation. A total of $36 million is included for construction and modernization projects at selected ARS facilities. The 1999 budget request for the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) is $9 million less than the 1998 appropriation. Within this total, there are proposals for additional funding for competitively awarded research projects, including pest management, food safety, and selected education and extension activities to strengthen the capacity of minority-serving institutions of higher education. Offsetting reductions are proposed in lower priority work and selected formula grant programs.
REE programs support the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry through the development of new farming systems that will reduce production costs, new crops, new uses for crops and animal products, and value-added processing methods which expand economic opportunities available to farmers and ranchers. In addition, economic and statistical data and analyses developed by REE agencies provide information on a wide range of agriculture, trade and rural issues. This information contributes to sound policy-making, management, and marketing decisions.
A key program in support of this goal is the Food Genome Initiative. A total of $40 million is proposed for 1999 to support this Initiative, which is designed to identify genes that control economically desirable traits in plants, animals, and microbes that are essential to the enhancement of agricultural production and crop biodiversity. The Department will be collaborating with the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy on this effort. (See page 79.)
GOAL 2: ENSURE FOOD FOR THE HUNGRY, AND A SAFE, AFFORDABLE, NUTRITIOUS AND ACCESSIBLE FOOD SUPPLY.
FOOD, NUTRITION, AND CONSUMER SERVICES
The Department's 1999 budget requests over $38.8 billion for food and nutrition assistance programs for needy Americans. The budget request fully funds the expected needs of the Food Stamp, Child Nutrition, and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) programs. The requested funding level will ensure that all needy Americans, especially children, have access to food and nutrition assistance.
Food Stamps. The 1999 budget funds the Food Stamp Program at a program level of $24.2 billion. This is an increase of $1.8 billion over the 1998 funding level. This program level will support 22.3 million participants, including 730 thousand due to a legislative proposal to restore food stamp eligibility to otherwise eligible legal immigrant families with either children, elderly or disabled persons. The budget will allow the Department to continue its efforts in aggressively fighting error and fraud and implementing the Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) system. Also funded in this request is the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico, Nutrition Assistance to American Samoa, and the Community Food Projects. Further, the budget requests resources for a $1 billion contingency reserve for the Food Stamp Program. (See page 51.)
Child Nutrition Programs. The budget request for the Child Nutrition Programs is $9.6 billion. This level provides for increases in participation and food inflation costs and will allow the Department to continue to improve program integrity. The budget also provides funding for strengthened education efforts on food safety in school meals as part of the President's Interagency Food Safety Initiative. (See page 51.)
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). The request reflects an increase of $149 million for the WIC program for a total program level of $4.2 billion. This amount will enable FNS to continue to fulfill the Administration's commitment to fully fund this program. This amount will ensure that an estimated 7.5 million low income women, infants and children are provided nutrition assistance in 1999. In addition, in order to ensure that unexpected food cost increases do not interfere with current participation levels, a $20 million contingency reserve is requested to be used only in urgent situations. (See page 52.)
WIC Farmers' Markets. The WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program provides WIC participants access to fresh fruits and vegetables and expands the awareness and use of farmers' markets by consumers. In past years, funds for the program have been included within the WIC appropriation, to the extent that the funds were not required to support existing caseload. In order to ensure availability of funds, the 1999 budget proposes $15 million within the Commodity Assistance Program account. This is a $3 million increase over the 1998 level. (See page 53.)
Gleaning and Food Recovery Initiative. The American agricultural system is one of the most productive and efficient in the world. Nonetheless, 37 million people were living below the official poverty level in 1996, while 27 percent, or 96 billion pounds, of the 356 billion pounds of edible food available for human consumption in the United States were lost to human use. The budget includes $20 million for a new community based grant program and other initiatives to help Americans recover some of the abundance before it is lost and use it to help alleviate hunger. The goal is to increase food recovery by 33 percent, or 500 million pounds. This would provide approximately 500 thousand needy individuals with three pounds of food per day.
FOOD SAFETY
On January 25, 1997, the President announced the Interagency Food Safety Initiative. The Initiative encourages collaboration between industry, government, and consumers to ensure safety of food from the farm to the table. The Initiative includes seven components for improving the Federal food inspection system from farm-to-table. For 1999, the budget includes $46 million in additional funding to build upon the framework developed during 1998. As part of this initiative, the 1999 budget includes $11 million for the Food Safety and Inspection Service to expand consumer education, develop voluntary measures to reduce the risk of pathogenic contamination of animals on the farm, and facilitate the transformation of State programs to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point systems. (See page 70.)
An additional $26 million is included within the REE mission area to support this Initiative. An increase of $14 million above the 1998 appropriation is provided for ARS pre- and post- harvest food safety research to design effective control programs for pathogens and toxins that can infect meat and poultry products and fruits and vegetables. An increase of $3 million is provided in CSREES for competitively awarded research grants to study the food handling practices of vulnerable population groups, such as the elderly, and to develop methods to prevent or eliminate food contamination. An additional $5 million is proposed for various education programs to promote safe food handling practices among consumers. Of the total increase requested for the NRI, $3 million will be targeted to support food safety research. The Initiative also includes a nearly $1 million increase for ERS for the improvement of risk assessment modeling techniques. (See page 18.)
For the Agricultural Marketing Service, the Initiative includes an increase of $6.3 million to broaden the scope of the Pesticide Data Program (PDP) to include microbiological testing of fruits and vegetable to assess the food safety risk posed by pathogens on fruits and vegetables and target resources to the highest risk areas.
As part of the Initiative's food safety education component, the Food and Nutrition Service budget includes an increase of $2 million to provide food safety training to local food service professionals engaged in preparing food for our Nation's 26 million schoolchildren.
The 1999 budget request proposes legislation to recover the full cost of providing Federal meat, poultry, and egg products inspection. Requiring the payment of user fees for Federal inspection services would ensure that sufficient resources are available to provide the mandatory inspection services needed to meet increasing industry demand and would result in savings to the taxpayer. The overall impact on prices as a result of these fees has been estimated to be less than one cent per pound of meat, poultry, and egg products. Appropriated funds are requested to convert the Federal program to user fees and for maintaining State inspection programs. (See page 115.)
MARKETING AND REGULATORY PROGRAMS
Pesticide Data Program (PDP). Funding for PDP was provided within AMS in 1998 after being funded through the Environmental Protection Agency for 1997. For 1999, program increases are requested to initiate a rapid response capability necessary to support EPA's data requirements under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA). EPA will use the residue data to conduct dietary risk assessment reviews required by FQPA. In addition, as part of the President's Interagency Food Safety Initiative, an increase of $6.3 million is requested to broaden the scope of the Pesticide Data Program to include microbiological testing of fruits and vegetables. This testing will provide a baseline of microbiological data needed to assess the risks of contamination in the U.S. food supply. (See page 89.)
RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND ECONOMICS
REE agencies work with other USDA and other Federal agencies to help protect the food and fiber system from threats of disease and pests. Through research, analysis, and education, the REE programs foster the production and supply of safe, nutritious, high quality agricultural products. Highlights of proposed increases in the 1999 budget include:
FARM AND FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP is administered by the Farm Service Agency. The Program provides landowners annual payments and half the cost of establishing a conserving cover in exchange for retiring environmentally sensitive land from production for 10 to 15 years. The Food Security Act of 1985, as amended authorized the program through 2002 and set maximum enrollment in the program at 36.4 million acres. At the end of calendar year 1997, enrollment was about 28 million acres. The budget assumes acreage enrolled under the 15th and 16th signups, in combination with acreage accepted in the continuous signup, will bring CRP enrollment to about 32 million acres in 1998, to 34 million acres in 1999, and to an eventual enrollment of 36.4 million acres by 2001. (See page 24.)
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
Conservation Technical and Financial Assistance. The total program level for the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in 1999 is about $1.3 billion, an increase of $37 million over 1998. The Administration will continue to support locally-led conservation with a focus on increasing the State and local role in the conservation effort and on strengthening the unique working partnership that NRCS has developed with conservation districts, farmers and other private landowners. Funding for the America's Private Land Conservation (formerly Conservation Technical Assistance) program is $579 million, which includes $20 million to encourage additional contributions from the States. This bonus fund will act as an incentive payment to reward those States that either increase the non-Federal contributions and/or achieve a minimum level of contributions toward conservation efforts. The point is to elicit both greater contributions and to harmonize the contributions for all. The NRCS budget includes $23 million to support implementation of the Clean Water and Watershed Restoration Initiative with competitive partnership grants to locally-based institutions such as conservation districts or watershed councils to strengthen their leadership capabilities. Funds will be targeted to the watersheds where water quality is deemed to be at the highest risk of impairment from agricultural activities. Funds will also support additional monitoring and evaluation to help target resources and document baseline conditions. The budget includes a $300 million funding level for EQIP which is an increase of $100 million over 1998 that will also support the Clean Water and Watershed Restoration Initiative. At the same time, the entire $300 million program will be managed so as to address recommendations made in the Civil Rights Action Plan to increase program participation by minority and low income farmers and by other under-served clientele. (See pages 56, 59, and 103.)
Forest Service. The primary mission of the Forest Service is "to sustain the health, productivity, and diversity of the land to meet the needs of present and future generations." In keeping with this mission, the proposed fiscal year 1999 Forest Service budget emphasizes watershed protection and restoration, an environmentally responsible road policy, and other program activities related to GPRA strategic plan goals. A total program level of $3.3 billion is proposed, which is $164 million below the Forest Service's 1998 level. The 1998 level includes a one-time transfer of $167 million from the Department of the Interior for the purchase of the New World Mine and other land acquisition activities. When continuing programs are compared, the 1999 budget is $3 million above 1998. In terms of discretionary funding, the budget proposes $2.6 billion for ongoing programs, which is an increase of $48 million over the 1998 level, excluding the $167 million one-time transfer from the Department of the Interior. Within this total, $127 million is included to carry out proposed Presidential Initiatives in the following areas: Clean Water and Watershed Restoration, Law Enforcement, Climate Change Technology, and Land, Water, and Facility Restoration. The National Forest System (NFS) is funded at $1.4 billion, including $199 million for Timber Sales Management to support a timber sales program of 3.4 billion board feet. Also included in NFS funding is are proposed increases of $21 million for Recreation Use, $15 million for Wildlife Management, $21 million for Rangeland Management, and $13 million for Soil, Water and Air Management. Forest and Rangeland Research is funded at $198 million which is an increase of $10 million over 1998. (See pages 61, 63.)
RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND ECONOMICS
Programs supported by REE funds encourage collaboration between USDA, State and local governments, industry, and the land-grant community to promote the competitiveness of agriculture while preserving the natural resource base. Policy makers, program managers, producers and consumers use data and analysis resulting from REE activities to enhance biodiversity, water quality and pest and disease resistance; improve land and waste management; and increase understanding of ecosystems and impacts of climate change and weather.
The two high priority 1999 natural resources initiatives in REE focus on pest management and climate change technology. Research under the Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI) will be aimed at investigating mitigation tactics to minimize the adverse effects of agricultural production practices on climate change, developing agricultural practices for carbon sequestration, and increasing the production of biomass from agricultural crops, including feedstocks for alcohol fuels and electric power. The ARS budget includes $7 million and the Forest Service research proposal includes $3 million to support this Initiative. (See page 19.)
Integrated Pest Management. $34 million in funds are proposed to continue the implementation of the Department's Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Initiative, a cooperative effort to achieve the adoption of IPM practices and technologies on 75 percent of U.S. crop acres by the year 2000. (See page 106.)
MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE: PROVIDE EFFECTIVE CUSTOMER SERVICE AND EFFICIENT PROGRAM DELIVERY.
Although few support programs have high visibility, they are, nevertheless, vital to USDA's success in providing effective customer service and efficient program delivery. An overarching principle of USDA operations is good management of our human, capital, information, and other infrastructure resources. The 1999 budget request supports the Department's Strategic Plan Management Initiative.
Civil Rights. The budget includes a number of priority funding increases to carry out the recommendations contained in the CRAT report. The recommendations included in the CRAT report were the result of a detailed review of the Department's existing civil rights activities, past reports and listening sessions held across the country for USDA customers and employees which identified a number of longstanding weaknesses within USDA.
Since the CRAT report was issued in February 1997, significant steps have been taken to implement the recommendations. These steps include:
Create a Unified System of Information Technology Management. The appropriate application of information technology is critical to USDA's ability to deliver programs and services to the public. Over the last year, a strong foundation has been created within USDA to insure that information can be more readily shared across organizational lines and investment decisions are based on sound business principles. Building on this foundation, the Office of the Chief Information Officer has developed a plan to strengthen
USDA's management of information technology structured around five critical
objectives:
Streamlining and Restructuring the County Offices. The Department is making major changes in the county-based field agencies in order to efficiently use declining resources and to improve customer service. USDA is implementing a field office streamlining plan which collocates the county-based agencies (FSA, NRCS, and RD) in one-stop USDA Service Centers. This collocation effort will result in streamlining the total number of field office locations from over 3,700 to about 2,550. By the end of 1998 the Department will have completed the installation of the Local Area Network and Wide Area Network which provide connectivity within and between USDA Service Centers and other support offices. All USDA Service Center agency offices throughout the country will have a common telecommunications platform allowing efficient e-mail, file transfer, and voice communications.
However, to effectively serve the needs of farmers and others in Rural America, the plan goes beyond collocation to create a team approach to program delivery in which the partner agencies share resources in order to maximize customer service and administrative efficiency. The initiatives listed below provide a brief summary of these inter-related projects:
Administrative Convergence. Currently, three separate administrative structures provide support to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, and the Rural Development (RD) mission areas -- down from nine such organizations in 1993. Further actions are underway to continue the streamlining process by combining these three structures into one unit, and by delegating the authority to conduct most administrative functions to the State level, closer to the customer. Headquarters and State level consolidation is expected to be completed by the end of calendar year 1998. A consolidated structure will:
Common Computing Environment (CCE). One of the keys to success of improved customer service, while streamlining the field structure, is the replacement of the aging business and technology systems of the field service agencies. A collective reengineering of business processes for administrative services and program delivery is underway, along with testing information technology alternatives. Common information shared by the partner agencies will reduce the redundant requests made of program participants, as well as customer office visits and paperwork burden, and ease workload for internal staff. The CCE will enable USDA to: optimize the data, equipment, and staff sharing opportunities at the service centers; overcome the extreme limitations of the current legacy systems; and enhance customer service into the 21st Century.
With the funds included in the 1999 budget, the service center agencies
will continue efforts begun in 1998, factor in the results of the independent
study and administrative convergence, and begin to invest in the first
phase of CCE hardware and software. The plan is to achieve complete migration
from legacy systems to the CCE by 2002.
Budget Authority (Dollars in Millions) 1999 5-Year Initiative Budget Total Interagency Food Safety: Food Safety and Inspection Service $11.3 $31.1 Food and Nutrition Service 2.0 2.0 Agricultural Research Service 14.0 70.0 Coop., State Research, Educ. & Ext. Svc. 11.0 55.0 Economic Research Service 0.9 4.5 Agricultural Marketing Service 6.3 31.5 Office of the Chief Economist 0.1 0.5 Total 45.6 194.6 Gleaning and Food Recovery: Food and Nutrition Service 20.0 100.0 Clean Water and Watershed Restoration: Natural Resources Conservation Service 23.0 115.0 Forest Service 60.0 300.0 Agricultural Research Service 2.0 10.0 Total 85.0 425.0 Law Enforcement: Office of the Inspector General 21.7 108.5 Forest Service 1.3 6.5 Total 23.0 115.0 Climate Change Technology: Agricultural Research Service 7.0 62.0 Forest Service 3.0 24.0 Total 10.0 86.0 Land, Water, Facility Restoration Funds: Forest Service 63.0 642.0 Total $246.6 $1,562.6
INTERAGENCY FOOD SAFETY INITIATIVE
On January 25, 1997, the President announced the Interagency Food Safety Initiative. The initiative included seven components for improving the Federal food inspection system from farm-to-table. Key components include expansion of the Federal food safety surveillance system, improved coordination between Federal, State, and local health authorities, improved risk assessment capabilities, increased inspection, expanded research, consumer education, and strategic planning. Of the increases totalling $9.2 million requested in the 1998 President's budget for USDA, Congress provided $6.6 million. Funding requested for food safety education extension activities was not provided. In 1999, the focus of the initiative is on enhancing the safety of imported and domestic fruits and vegetables, targeted food safety education, transformation of inspection systems to HACCP, and development of scientific information and tools to control a greater range of food safety hazards. A total increase of $46 million is proposed for USDA programs in the Initiative.
GLEANING AND FOOD RECOVERY INITIATIVE
The American agricultural system is one of the most productive and efficient in the world. Nonetheless, 37 million people were living below the official poverty level in 1996, while 27 percent, or 96 billion pounds, of the 356 billion pounds of edible food available for human consumption in the United States were lost to human use. The budget includes $20 million for a new community based grant program to help Americans recover some of that abundance before it is lost and use it to help alleviate hunger and distress. The goal is to increase food recovery by 33 percent, or 500 million pounds. This would provide approximately 500 thousand needy individuals with three pounds of food per day.
CLEAN WATER AND WATERSHED RESTORATION INITIATIVE
One of the three challenges cited by the Vice President in marking the 25th anniversary of the Clean Water Act was the need to help communities ensure that water quality is protected in a comprehensive way and on a watershed basis. To address this challenge, the budget includes $85 million in funding for three USDA agencies, the Forest Service ($60 million), the Natural Resources Conservation Service ($23 million) and the Agricultural Research Service ($2 million). The activities under the interagency Environment Fund for America will focus on making further progress in solving water quality and other environmental problems on agricultural and forest lands. Funds are requested for several new and ongoing activities including 1) partnership grants for State and local organizations to hire non-federal watershed coordinators; 2) additional monitoring to help target resources and document baseline conditions and performance; and 3) newly focused efforts to restore and improve riparian areas, grazing lands, and forest health in high priority areas.
LAW ENFORCEMENT INITIATIVE
The Department estimates that over $50 million a year in food stamps go illegally to convicted felons and prison inmates, and that a sizable number of retailers who accept food stamps make money from them illegally. This special law enforcement initiative is to provide funding for OIG to crack down on fraud and abuse in the food stamp and other nutrition programs, additional USDA programs such as rural development, and disaster and health and safety programs requiring immediate response.
Health and safety of food from production to the consumer is of special concern because of such highly visible emergencies as contaminated strawberries in the School Lunch Program and the tainted meat in the food distribution chain resulting in the recall of 25 million pounds of ground beef from public consumption. Also, OIG's recent pilot effort, Operation Talon, in 24 metropolitan areas around the country has been extremely successful, resulting in the arrest of over 2,200 fugitive felons, their removal from the food stamp rolls, and the savings of millions of dollars to the U.S. Treasury. This initiative is to allow the agency to expand these efforts nationwide.
CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE
Increases are proposed in the budget to support the President's Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI) as part of the Research Fund for America. The Department is requesting $10 million to support the initiative in 1999, for a total of $86 million over the next 5 years. Within the total increase, $6 million will be devoted to research on biomass feedstocks, in cooperation with the Department of Energy. Research will be conducted to develop more efficient, cost-effective systems for biomass production, processing and conversion to energy, including alternative uses of cereal grains and modification of oils to develop substitute products for industrial products. Additional research on using improved herbaceous and woody crops for electricity generation and increasing the competitiveness of ethanol fuels will also be conducted. Research will be aimed at investigating mitigation tactics to minimize the adverse effects of agricultural production practices on climate change, including production practices which sequester greenhouse gases. Information will also be gathered to understand the sources and rates of emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The Forest Service will provide $1 million for increased research on forest and rangeland carbon cycles, which will serve as the information base for analyzing the carbon maintenance criterion for sustainable forest management. In total, the ARS budget includes $7 million and the Forest Service research proposal includes $3 million to support this Initiative.
LAND, WATER, AND FACILITY RESTORATION INITIATIVE
The Forest Service faces growing demands to invest more to restore lands and to rehabilitate an aging infrastructure of public facilities. The budget proposes $63 million for increased rehabilitation, maintenance, and land acquisition. These needed investments will protect wildlife habitat, maintain recreation sites and preserve our national forests as a treasured legacy for future generations.
The mission of the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services (FFAS) area is to ensure the well-being of U.S. agriculture through delivery of commodity, credit, conservation, insurance, and export programs. The FFAS agencies include the Farm Service Agency (FSA), the Risk Management Agency (RMA), and the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is the source of funding for most of the conservation and commodity programs administered by FSA and the CCC export programs administered by FAS.
FARM SERVICE AGENCY (FSA)
Program Level (Dollars in Millions) 1998 1997 Current 1999 Program Actual Estimate Budget Farm Loan and Grant Programs $2,376 $2,979 $2,995 Conservation Programs 1,814 1,836 1,718 Commodity Programs and Other 11,554 13,315 14,113 Salaries and Expenses 974 963 976 Total, FSA $16,718 $19,093 $19,802
Farm Service Agency Farm Loan and Grant Programs Program Level (P.L.) and Budget Authority (B.A.) (Dollars in Millions) 1998 1997 Current 1999 Actual Estimate Budget Program P.L. B.A. P.L. B.A. P.L. B.A. Farm Operating Loans: Guaranteed Unsubsidized $829 $9 $1,700 $20 $1,700 $20 Guaranteed Subsidized 216 20 231 22 200 17 Direct 516 65 490 32 500 34 Total, Operating Loans 1,561 94 2,421 74 2,400 71 Farm Ownership Loans: Guaranteed Unsubsidized 530 20 400 16 425 7 Direct 84 18 a/ 46 6 85 13 Total, Ownership Loans 614 38 446 22 510 20 Emergency Loans 145 44 63 16 25 6 Indian Land Acquisition Loans b/ b/ 1 b/ 1 b/ Credit Sales of Acquired Property 14 2 25 3 25 3 Boll Weevil Eradication 40 b/ 21 b/ 30 b/ State Mediation Grants 2 2 2 2 4 4 Total, Farm Credit Programs $2,376 $180 $2,979 $117 $2,995 $104 RECAP: Appropriated Funding $2,366 $178 $2,979 $117 $2,995 $104 Transfer-Fund for Rural America 10 2 0 0 0 0 Total, Farm Credit Programs $2,376 $180 $2,979 $117 $2,995 $104 a/ Includes $2 million in budget authority and $10 million in program level transferred from USDA's Fund for Rural America. b/ Less than $0.5 million.
The 1999 budget provides additional funding for farm ownership loans. Program levels would be increased to $85 million in direct loans and $425 million in loan guarantees, compared to 1998 levels of $46 million in direct and $400 million in guarantees. In terms of people served, this means that 3,458 beginning and small farmers will be given an opportunity to either acquire their own farm or to save an existing one, 616 more than last year. Of those served, about 1,000 will receive direct loans and the rest will receive guarantees. This reflects Secretary Glickman's commitment to improve the opportunities for beginning and small farmers and, in particular, members of socially disadvantaged groups.
The budget also provides for $2.4 billion in direct and guaranteed farm operating loans, nearly the same funding level as 1998, and will serve an estimated 28,000 beginning and small farmers, about 12,000 of whom will receive direct loans. The share of direct loans made at the reduced interest rate for limited resource borrowers would be continued at current levels, about 61 percent for farm ownership loans and about 40 percent for farm operating loans. The budget also provides funding for the emergency loan, Indian acquisition, credit sales, and boll weevil eradication programs.
The Administration will also be proposing emergency legislation to modify the 1996 Farm Bill prohibition on loans to borrowers who received debt forgiveness. This is consistent with one of the recommendations made by USDA's Civil Rights Action Team, and will provide a second chance to borrowers who would otherwise be denied credit because of losses that may have occurred years ago.
In addition, the budget doubles funding for state mediation grants from $2 million in 1998 to $4 million in 1999. Mediation benefits family farmers, including many low income and socially disadvantaged farmers, who, because of mediation, are often able to resolve credit and other issues and remain on the farm. This program also supports the Vice President's National Performance Review initiative to achieve savings through the use of alternative dispute resolution. The increased funding will be used to support mediation programs in the 21 States currently certified in 1998, as well as any additional states which gain certification by 1999. Several states have expressed interest in establishing new programs or expanding their existing programs to include the mediation of other agricultural issues in addition to credit disputes.
Farm Service Agency Conservation Programs Program Level (Dollars in Millions) 1998 1997 Current 1999 Program Actual Estimate Budget Conservation Reserve Program $1,719 $1,836 $1,718 Emergency Conservation Program 95 0 0 Total, Conservation Programs $1,814 $1,836 $1,718
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP is administered by FSA and financed by CCC. The Program offers producers annual rental payments for a 10- to 15-year period to remove highly erodible cropland and other environmentally sensitive land from production. Participants also receive cost-share help to establish long-term resource-conserving cover. Currently, about 28 million acres are enrolled in the program.
The 1996 Farm Bill authorized funding for CRP from the CCC and provided for new signups through 2002 to maintain enrollment of up to 36.4 million acres. The 15th signup, conducted in March 1997, was the first major signup under the 1996 Act and the largest CRP signup ever. USDA accepted about 17 million acres of the 23 million acres offered for enrollment. About 55 percent of those CRP acres that were scheduled to expire in 1997 were re-enrolled.
In the 16th signup, conducted in October and November 1997, over 9 million acres were offered for enrollment. As in past signups, acreage offered for enrollment was ranked using an environmental benefits index, although for the 16th signup the index was modified to address certain concerns arising from the 15th signup and to better protect the Nation's natural resource base. In addition to these scheduled signups, a continuous, non-competitive signup has been underway to enroll land in filter strips, riparian buffers, and similar conservation practices. Acreage enrolled under the continuous signup includes enrollment under the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program and the National Conservation Buffer Initiative, programs which are designed to target program benefits to achieve specific local and regional conservation goals.
The 1999 budget assumes acreage enrolled under the 15th and 16th signups, in combination with the continuous signup, will bring CRP enrollment to about 32 million acres in 1998, to 34 million acres in 1999, and to an eventual enrollment of 36.4 million acres by 2001.
Emergency Conservation Program (ECP). Under this program, the Department shares the cost of carrying out practices to assist and encourage farmers to rehabilitate farmland damaged by natural disasters. In particular, it addresses those problems which if left untreated would: 1) impair or endanger the land; 2) materially affect the productive capacity of the land; 3) be so costly to rehabilitate that Federal assistance would be required to return the land to productive agricultural use; and 4) represent damage that is unusual in character and not the type which would recur frequently in the same area. Supplemental appropriations provided a total of $95 million for the ECP program in 1997. No funds have been appropriated to date for the program in 1998, and the budget proposes no funding for the program in 1999.
Farm Service Agency Commodity Program Outlays (Dollars in Millions) 1998 1997 Current 1999 Program Actual Estimate Budget Commodity: Feed Grains $2,988 $3,088 $2,991 Wheat 1,332 1,556 1,468 Rice 459 519 471 Upland Cotton 561 859 768 Tobacco -156 -183 -160 Dairy 67 191 116 Soybeans 5 10 22 Peanuts 6 0 -1 Honey -2 0 0 Sugar -34 -38 -39 Other Crops 31 26 26 Subtotal 5,257 6,028 5,662 Disaster Assistance 130 15 4 Working Capital -74 250 250 Other a/ -61 -44 25 Total, Commodity Programs $5,252 $6,249 $5,941 a/ Includes interest and operating expenses, reimbursable agreements, equipment, and an adjustment for Food for Progress commodity purchases.Commodity price and income support programs are administered by FSA and financed through the CCC. These commodity programs were changed dramatically by provisions of the 1996 Farm Bill. In the past, deficiency payments for producers of feed grains, wheat, upland cotton and rice (contract commodities) were tied to market prices and decreased when market prices were high and increased when market prices were low. The 1996 Farm Bill replaced deficiency payments with fixed production flexibility contract payments. The production flexibility contract payments, based on historical program acreage and yields, are set by law for each of the seven years, from 1996-2002, and do not vary with market prices or current plantings. About 98 percent of the eligible crop acreage base has been enrolled in production flexibility contracts.
While the nonrecourse loan programs for contract commodities and oilseeds have been retained and continue to provide producers with some protection against sharp declines in market prices, the changes in the income support programs have diminished the traditional role of the farm programs as a buffer against fluctuations in production and commodity prices. These changes underscore the importance of crop insurance programs that help farmers manage production risk. For producers of crops for which crop insurance is unavailable, the Noninsured Assistance Program (NAP), administered by FSA and funded through the CCC, provides coverage against catastrophic losses where area-wide crop losses exceed 35 percent of normal yields.
The 1996 Farm Bill also modified price support provisions for dairy, sugar, and peanuts. Dairy price supports are phased out and marketing orders are to be reformed and consolidated. With respect to sugar, the imposition of loan forfeiture fees effectively reduced sugar loan rates, marketing assessments were increased, and marketing allotments were suspended. The peanut program was made no-net-cost (program costs may not exceed program receipts), the minimum national peanut poundage quota was eliminated, and the quota loan rate was reduced.
The Administration continues to place a high priority in helping farmers to manage risk. Legislation will be proposed with the 1999 budget to maintain a strong crop insurance program by financing delivery expenses through mandatory rather than discretionary funding sources. Included in the budget offsets required for the proposal is a reduction in cotton user marketing certificates, also known as Step-2 payments. These payments, similar to the bonus payments under the Export Enhancement Program, are issued to domestic users and exporters and are designed to keep U.S. cotton competitive in world markets. The proposed legislation would cap Step-2 payments at $140 million in 1999, $110 million less than under current law.
Salaries and Expenses. The FSA's salaries and expenses account funds all management related activities for FSA programs. FSA also provides administrative support to the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) and to the Risk Management Agency (RMA) under a reimbursable agreement.
The 1999 budget proposes a program level of $976 million estimated to support a ceiling of 5,646 Federal staff years and 9,980 non-Federal county staff years. The total program level includes appropriated funds, user fees, and carryover funds from prior year appropriations. Of the total program level, $30 million is earmarked for expenditures relating to implementation of the Common Computing Environment (CCE) for the field service centers. The CCE will replace the aging and different business and technology systems of the partner agencies: FSA, NRCS and the RD mission area, with a common technology. When combined with streamlined business practices, this common technology will result in improved program delivery and customer service.
The 1999 program level net of the CCE earmark totals $946 million. This is $17 million less than the 1998 program level of $963 million and reflects the continued impact of the 1996 Farm Bill, which shifts farm policy away from production-oriented programs to support farm income, such as deficiency payments, to fixed production flexibility contract payments. This change means fewer staff are needed to service these programs, particularly at the field office level. The budget assumes increased collection of user fees from sharing program data with other agencies and private sector interests.
Farm Service Agency Commodity Credit Corporation (Dollars in Millions) Program Levels Net Outlays Program FY 1998 FY 1999 FY 1998 FY 1999 Commodity Programs: Price Support Loans $6,408 $7,451 -$88 -$119 Production Flexibility Contracts 5,719 5,512 5,719 5,512 Cotton User Marketing Payments 204 140 204 140 Noninsured Assistance Payments 69 80 69 80 Disaster Assistance 15 4 15 4 Purchases and Sales 588 526 58 -2 Interest Expenditures 168 221 -56 -28 Other 144 179 328 354 Total, Commodity Programs 13,315 14,113 6,249 5,941 Conservation Programs: Conservation Reserve Program 1,798 1,694 1,798 1,694 Wetlands Reserve Program 219 124 122 167 Environmental Quality Incentives 200 300 157 167 Other 32 25 18 25 Total, Conservation Programs 2,249 2,143 2,095 2,053 Export Programs: Export Credit Guarantees 5,000 4,615 383 308 Market Access Program 90 90 91 90 Export Enhancement Program 150 320 150 320 Dairy Export Incentive Program 99 82 111 92 Food For Progress Program 104 109