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'dxd( $ Figure  1  VZY I&mage <=8C HKKKK !  _,j\6&"`z1% `E,,%y%y,,%j (#(#        (#(#  ReleaseNo.T_0386.99T__UU_!XhQXXX!dbX!XhQ Remarks d 8  #7!db2##XeX7Q#"XeXXXe 0  AsPreparedforDelivery#XeXX"Xe#@*(#(# Z .    by F   SenatorGeorgeMcGovernUSDAMillenniumLectureandDedicationoftheHenryA.WallaceRoomSeptember29,1999   t  SecretaryDanGlickman,myfriendwithwhomIservedintheCongress,formerSenatorJohnCulver,anothertreasuredfriendandformercolleagueintheSenate,membersoftheWallacefamilyIamhonoredanddelightedtobewithyouforthededicationoftheHenryA.WallaceRoomandtoparticipateintheUSDAMillenniumLectureSeries.  HenryA.Wallacewasaremarkablethinkeranddoer,aRenaissancemanwhosebroadtalentsandsignificantaccomplishmentscoveredtherealmsofart,science,economics,politics,andthehumanspirit.  Withallduerespectandgreatadmirationfortodaysagriculturalleaders,ImustsaythatyoujustdontseepeoplelikeHenryA.Wallaceinpublicservicenowadays.AdistinguishedhistorianoftheDepartmentofAgriculture,myfriendWayneRasmussenhassaidthatWallacehasbeentheonlytruegeniusinthehistoryofUSDA.HesaidthatbeforeDanGlickmanbecametheSecretaryofAgriculture.  ImusttellyouwithmixedfeelingsthatMr.Wallace,hisfatherandhisgrandfatherwereallgoodIowaRepublicans.ButthenIconfessthatwastruewiththeMcGovernclanwhoalsolivedinIowabeforemigratingtoSouthDakota.OnewaywardMcGoverngrandsonbecameaDemocrat"worsethanthataMcGovernite.  In1896whentheRepublicanscapturedtheWhiteHouseunderMcKinleyandhisVicePresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,theyofferedIowaRepublicansthischoiceofacabinetposition.TheleaderswenttoUncleHenryWallacesgrandfatherforadviceand_he_ԀpromptlysaidAskfortheSecretaryofAgriculture.Whentheyaskedhimifhewouldacceptthejob,UncleHenrysaidNobut_offer_ԀittoTamaJimWilson.Wilsonservedforthenext16years;_the_longestofanyCabinetSecretaryinAmericanhistory.  HenryWallacesfatherthenservedasSecretaryofAgricultureunderHardingandCoolidge.HisfatherwasalsoaprofessoratIowaStateandoneofhisgraduatestudentswasGeorgeWashingtonCarver.CarverwastotakeyoungHenrywithhimonhisnaturewalksandhenotedthatevenasaboyWallacehadreverenceforplantsareverencethathetooktohisgrave.  ӄmore :103 Є2   FormerIowaSenatorJohnCulvermydearfriendandformerSenatecolleaguehaswrittenwhatpromisestobethedefinitivebiographyofHenryA.Wallace.Thebookwillbeoutearlynextyear.InarecentspeechSenatorCulvertellsofanincidentinNewYorkin1933whenWallace,RooseveltsnewlynamedSecretaryofAgriculture_wasbeingquestioned_Ԁbyacriticalaudience,Mr.Wallace,saidonemanifyouhadtopicktheonequalitymostimportanttohaveinplantbreeding,whatwoulditbe?ThemansettledbacktoenjoyalongscholarlyreplybutWallacesresponsewasbriefandstartling.Withoutamomentshesitationhesaid:Sympathyfortheplant.ForWallace,concludedSenatorCulver,thefailuretounderstandthenatureofplantsandanimalswassymptomaticofmodernmansinabilitytounderstandlifeitself.  Ironically,Wallacesreverenceforlifeledhimintoanindependentpartypresidentialeffortin1948thatalienatedthemajorpoliticalpartiesforthenextdecade.Butin1961,JohnKennedyinvitedhimtohisinaugural.Wallacelovedit.  Thenin1962SecretaryofAgricultureOrvilleFreemantakinghisleadfromJFKinvitedWallacetogiveamajoraddressattheCentennialobservanceoftheDepartment.WhenWallacedroveuptotheDepartmenthefoundhiswayblockedinalldirectionsbycarloadsoffolkscomingtohearhim.TheDepartmentalAuditoriumat12thandConstitutionwasjammedto  overflowing.ManyoftheolderUSDAemployeeswhohadservedunderWallacewereintheaudience.Theylovedandadmiredhimhelovedtheirwarmresponse.  ListentohisconcludinglinesofMay15,1962: 0  0` xxWhenwelearnhowtodevelopourhumanrelationsaswehavedevelopedouragriculturalproductivecapacity,whenwelearnhowtoretainthebesttraditionsofourfarmsinanincreasinglyurbanizedsociety,whenwelearnanewhowtofireourselvesandouryouthwithasenseofmoralresponsibilityandofpurpose,thenwewellinventevennewertechniquesandbuildthenewinstitutionsneededinahungryworldthreatenedwithselfdestruction.Then,asLibertyHydeBaileymightsayifhewereheretoday,wecandeveloparaceofmenthatwillprovidethemoralleadershipandbe thestayandstrengthofallmankind. ` x` x    LetmetakeafewminutestoreviewsomeofthecontributionsthatWallacemadetosocietyevenbeforehewasSecretaryofAgriculture.Asaschoolboy,heconducteda_welldesigned_Ԁexperimentthatdemonstratedtohimselfandothersthattherobustnessandyieldofcornhadnothingtodowithhowattractivethecornkernelsorearsare.Thisearlyworkforesawoneofthescientificachievementsforwhichheisbestknownthedevelopmentofthefirstcommerciallyviablestrainofhybridcorn._Lesswell_Ԁknownisthefactthat.Heintroducedeconometrics(aformofstatisticalanalysis)toagriculture.Hefirstdiscovered,throughtheapplicationofstatisticaltechniquestoagriculturaleconomics,theexistenceofthehogcycle.Whilethis7yearcyclicalrelationshipbetweencornandhogpricesisnowtaughtinintroductoryagriculturalsciencecoursesasaclassicexampleofagriculturalsystemdynamics,itwasarevolutionarydiscoveryatthetime.HewasaprolificandarticulatewriterfortheWallacefamilyspublication,WallacesFarmer.ItwasinthatjournalthatWallacewroteabouthow ,T+/ farmersandgovernmentmightworktogethertoreduce,orevenpreventthedevastatingeffectsonAmericanfarmfamiliesofagriculturalboomandbustcycles. X.,-1   ӄmore 1/4 Є3I  BecauseWallacewassofinelyattunedtothecyclesthatflowthroughfarmingandeconomicsystemsovertime,Idoubthewouldbesurprisedatthesimilaritiesintheconditionsthatexistnow,andthosethatexisted70yearsago,justpriortohistenureasSecretary.  Inthemidtolate1920's,Americanfarmerswereprimedtoproduce.TheyhadgearedupamagnificentagriculturalmachineinresponsetothedemandgeneratedbyWorldWarI.Farmersweresimilarlyprimedtoproduceinthemid1990's.GlobaldemandforAmericanagriculturalproductswashighandprojectedtofollowastronggrowthtrend.FarmersinthepostWWIperiodsawthebottomfalloutoftheirmarketsasforeigncountriescinchedtheirbeltsinwarindebtedattemptstoeconomize.Similarly,thegrowthprojectedforagriculturalmarketsinthe1990'shasbeenstuntedbytheAsianfinancialcrisis.Totopoffthesedifficulties,themid1920'swereandthelate1990'shavebeencharacterizedbybumpercropsablessingturnedintoacurse.Inneitherofthesetwoperiodsweremanyfarmers_or_Ԁaremanyfarmersearningenoughfromthesaleoftheircropsoranimalstocoverproductioncosts.Financialstress,thenasnow,acceleratedthetrendtowardsfewerandfewerfarmersatrendthattechnologicaladvanceshadallowedthroughoutthecenturyasmorefoodcouldbeproducedwithfewerinputs.AndinWallacestime,asnow,technologicalLudditesquestionedtheroleofand_need_Ԁforadditionalagriculturaltechnologygains.  WhenWallacebecameSecretaryofAgriculturein1933,heputhiskeenmindtoworkoncraftingthemostinnovativepackageofgovernmentfarmprogramsever;_a_ԀsignificantpartoftheFDRAdministrationsNewDeal.Wallacesapproachwastoprovideincentivesforfarmerstocutbackonproductionwhilemarketsweregluttedandpriceswerelow.HisprogramsalsogavetheFederalgovernmentthenewroleofmakingsurethatfarmlivelihoodswouldbemaintainedthroughtheunusuallydeeptroughofthecycleinwhichtheAmericanfarmeconomyfounditselfattheheightoftheGreatDepression.  Hisingeniousapproachworked.ItisaprimereasonthatHenryA.Wallaceisacknowledgedasamongthemostimportantagriculturalleadersofthiscentury.Hispolicysuccessis,inlargepart,whywearegatheredheretodaytodedicatearoomtohismemoryinabuildingthathousesthisAdministrationsprincipalagriculturalpolicydecisionmakers.  NOW,imaginesomethingwithme,ifyouwill.WhatifHenryA.Wallacecouldbeherewithustoday.WhatmighthesuggesttohelpusmakeaspositiveanimpactonAmericanagricultureandAmericanfarmersashedidwhenhewasSecretary?IveimaginedfivemessagesIthinkhemightwanttorelaytous.L 5h(3 L   1.Donotblamescience._ Nothing_Ԁcanexpresshisfeelingsonthisbetterthanthe  %#' followingquote: 0  Ihavenopatiencewiththosewhoclaimthatthepresentdaysurplusoffarmproductsmeansthatweshouldstopoureffortsatimprovedagriculturalefficiency.Whatweneedisnotlessscienceinfarming,butmorescienceineconomics.Sciencehasnodoubtmadethesurpluspossible,butscienceisnotresponsibleforourfailuretodistributethefruitsoflaborequitably. xx  7*  ӄmore  1/4 Є4+  Myinterpretationofthisquoteisthatourpolicyneedstoanticipate,embrace,andaccommodatetheresultsofproductivityincreases;_to_Ԁcapitalizeonthewonderfulfruitsofscienceourabilitytofeedthehungryoftheworldandrelievetheburdensassociatedwithlaborintensiveagriculturewhilesimultaneouslyrealizing,anddoingsomethingaboutthefactthatefficiencygainsleadtoasituationwherefewerfarmersareneededforfoodproduction.Letmeassertmyownlongtimeconviction.ItisneverrighttobemoanfarmersurplusessolongastherearehungryAmericansandhungryfellowhumansaroundtheworld.  Ifwehavethewitandthewilltouseouragriculturalabundancetoendhumanhunger,thatwilladdtotheprosperityofourfarmersanditwillblessoursouls.EveryoneoftheworldsmajorreligionscommandsustofeedthehungrythatwemustdoifwewouldglorifyGodandhiscreatures.  ThesecondpieceofadviceIshouldimagineWallaceofferingisto:  2.Seekpolicysolutionsthattargettheplightoffarmersunderstress. Ittakes  wisdomtocraftpoliciesthatconcentratetheireffectspreciselytothegroupthatmostneedsgovernmentsupport.AsSecretaryofAgriculture,Wallacedevelopedemergencymeasuresforthespecificpurposeofkeepingendangeredfarmersinbusinesslongenoughtoweatherthedeeptroughofonebusinesscycle.ThehealthandwellbeingofAmericasfamilyfarmhouseholdswereforemostinhismind.Andhedevisedpoliciesthattargetedthetrulyneedy,despitethefactthatmeantasubstantialshiftinthedistributionofgovernmentsupportamongdifferentgroups.  ThethirdR Rmessagefrom_HenrySS_ԀIimagineis...  3.Beflexible;_seek_Ԁadaptations;_embrace_Ԁchange. Wallacedidnotseehis  AgriculturalAdjustmentActof1938aspermanentlegislation.(Hewouldprobablybeappalledthatitremainedsolittlechangedforsomanyyearspriorto1996.)Buthewouldalsobeappalledthatthebasicfarmlawdatingbackto1938wasscrappedin1996withnocarefullythoughtoutworkablealternativetotakeitsplace.ThefarmcrisistodaymakesmelongfortheEverNormalGranaryPlan.Butdespitethesimilaritiesinbasicsupplyanddemandimbalancesthatexisttodayandexistedinhistime,IdoubtveryseriouslythatifhewasactingasSecretarytoday,hewouldimplementthesamepolicyprescriptionshemadeinthe1930's.Iexpectthat,instead,hewouldfactorinsomeofthedifferencesbetweenhistimeandoursincludingaglobalratherthandomesticallyorientedU.S.agricultureandnewenvironmentalandfoodsafetyconcerns.Speakingoftheenvironment,letsturntowhatIimagineasafourthdictumfromHenryA.Wallace.  4.IntegratenaturalresourceconservationwithagriculturaladjustmentL.L Wallace &$( wasaconsummateagriculturalresourceconservationist.Fromanearlyagehewasawareofthepotentialforagriculturalproduction,especiallywhenpoorlypracticed,toravagetheenvironment.Buthedidnotusewhatheclearlyrecognizedasapotentialandsometimesrealizednegativerelationshipbetweenagricultureandtheenvironmentasanexcusetorailagainsteitherfarmingorenvironmentalism.Instead,hefocusedonwhathealsosawasthepotentialforpositiverelationships,betweenfarming,thenaturallandscape,andfarmandresourceconservationpolicy.  ӄmore (1/4 Є5;  HenryA.Wallacewastheprogenitoroftheideathattemporarilyidlingagriculturallandcouldreducesoilerosionandrepairthelandatthesametimethatitreducedoverproduction.Todays36millionacreConservationReserveProgramwasbasedontheSoilBankideainitiatedduringWallacestenure.Todayhemightaskustolookatotherpositive,environmentalattributesofagricultureandagriculturalpolicyasthebasisforgovernmentactionstakentoundergirdmodernagriculturalmarkets.  Wallacesvigilanceinconsideringtheenvironmentalimplicationsofagriculturalproductionandpolicy_earnedhimaveneratedrole_Ԁinthesustainableagriculturemovement._Were_Ԁhewithusrightnow,Iwonderifhewouldfeelcomfortablewiththesustainabilityofagriculturescurrentpathparticularlyintheglobalcontext.Perhapsanyconcernsinthatregardmightbedealt_within_ԀthecontextofmylastimaginedpieceofadvicebasedonHenryA.Wallaceswritings,actions,andperspectives.  5.PursuetechnologicaladvanceforthepublicgoodM.M Wallacesaid(andthisisa  quote),that...NN 0  ...attacksuponsciencestemfrommanysources.Itisnecessaryforsciencetodefenditself,firstagainstsuchattacks,andsecond,againsttheconsequencesofitsownsuccess.Sciencehasmagnificentlyenabledmankindtoconqueritsfirstgreatproblemthatofproducingenoughtogoaround;_but_.._science_,havingcreatedabundance,hasnowtohelpmenlivewithabundanceP...PQQtohelpmankindconquersocialproblems. xx  @  Intakingthistack,Wallaceisadvocatingasystematicassessmentofhowthepublicsectorcanbestdirectitsresearchinordertoproducepublicgoods.AndIcanthinkofnolackofsocialproblemssurroundingagriculturethattheprivatesectorhasnoincentivetoaddressandthusfallinthepurviewofgovernment.  Whatarethoseproblemsandchallenges?Technologyforimprovedagrienvironmentalprotection;_techniques_Ԁforassuringanevenbetterfoodsafetyrecordthanwealreadyhaveattheturnofthecentury;_research_ԀonpolicyapproachesthatfosteranequitabledistributionofourabundantfoodsupplyacrossAmericaandtheglobe;...Justtonameafew.  Attheturnofthemillennium,westillhavemuchtolearnfromHenryA.Wallaceamanbornbeforetheturnofthelastcentury,butprescientaboutthenext.  IhopetheHenryA.Wallaceroomthat_wededicate_Ԁtodaywilllongbethesiteofdiscussion,debate,educationalfora,andpolicydecisionmakingthatreflecttheinsight,astuteness,courage,innovation,andforesightofitsremarkablenamesakefarintothenextmillennium.  In1965,at75yearsofage,WallacedevelopedLouGehrigsdiseaseanerve_disorderthathasnocure_.Anexperimentertotheend,hekeptacarefulrecordofhissymptomsandreactions.  AvisitorwhocametoseehimathisroominNIHnotedthattheflowersinhisroomwerefromPresidentLyndonJohnson.WallacecouldnolongerspeakbuthehandedanotetohisfriendwhichreadIhopetheythinkaboutdecentralizationasthehopeofthefuture.Bigciteswillbecomecesspools.O  1/4 O  ӄmore  1/4 Є6J  ThomasJeffersonwouldhavelovedthatasSenatorCulverhasobserved:Thatwashismessage.Thinkbig,_plantsmall,workhard,seek_Ԁthetruth,glorifyGod,andhavesympathyfortheplant.  MayIaddafinalpersonalnote1944wasthefirstpresidentialyearthatIwasoldenoughto_vote._ԀButIwasaB24bomberpilotflyingfromabaseinItalyandnoonetoldusaboutabsenteeballots.1948wasthefirstpresidentialelectionyearinwhichmywifeEleanorandIwereabletovote.ThatwastheyearHenryWallaceranforPresidentontheProgressiveticket.EleanorandIsupportedMr.WallaceandweservedasdelegatestohisconventioninPhiladelphia.WallacebelievedthattheColdWarandtheglobalarmsracebetweenRussiansandAmericanswereoverdone.Hebelievedthatfundamentaleconomicandpoliticalproblemscouldnotberesolvedbymilitarymeans.  TwentyfouryearslaterIwontheDemocraticpresidentialnominationonasimilarplatformendingU.S.involvementinVietnamandbringingtheColdWarandthearmsraceundercontrol.  AremarkablebandofvolunteersengineeredthatcaptureoftheDemocraticPresidentialnomination.OneofthemwasEleanorMcGovernwhoisheretoday.Willshe_stand._ԀAnotherwastheTexasCoordinatoroftheMcGoverncampaignayoungYalelawschoolgraduate,BillClinton.  Mr.WallaceandIdidnotwinthosetwoelections.ButImgladthatIstoodwithWallacein1948andwithMcGovernin1972!GodBlesseachoneofyouwhoworksinthisgreatNationaltreasuretheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.  #